МОРФОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ЗАЩИТНЫХ МЕХАНИЗМОВ НЕЙТРОФИЛОВ ПРИ БАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЯХ И ИХ ВКЛАД В ПАТОГЕНЕЗ ПРОВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ РЕАКЦИЙ

Инфекции - одна из основных причин смертности и заболеваемости в мире. Нейтрофилы являются активным и многочисленным эффекторным звеном врождённой иммунной системы, которое защищает организм от инфицирования патогенными микроорганизмами. Однако вклад нейтрофилов в развитие инфекционного процесса был недооценён, несмотря на то, что функции этого подкласса лейкоцитов давно известны в качестве патогенетического элемента воспаления. В дополнение к фагоцитозу эти клетки могут опосредовать менее изученную в качестве антибактериальной стратегии внеклеточную дегрануляцию, а также, высвобождая внеклеточный хроматин, ядерный белок и сериновые протеазы, образовывать сетчатые волоконные структуры, называемые нейтрофильными внеклеточными ловушками (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps - NETs). NETs могут захватывать патогены, вызывать эндотелиальную дисфункцию и провоспалительные иммунные реакции. Феномен NETs - это сравнительно новая форма программируемой клеточной смерти (нетоз), значение которой в развитии инфекционного процесса и развитии воспаления до конца не изучено. Нетоз имеет высокий потенциал для дальнейшего изучения патогенеза воспаления и поиска эффективных методов лечения инфекций. В этом обзоре основное внимание уделяется современным данным об основных защитных стратегиях нейтрофилов при бактериальных инфекциях и их вкладу в патогенез провоспалительных реакций. Обсуждаются современные подходы к фармакологической модуляции различных вариантов антимикробных механизмов нейтрофилов, что перспективно в случаях комплексного лечения инфекций, ассоциированных с антибиотикорезистентными штаммами бактерий.

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