The actual condition of problem of evaluation of potential carcinogenic danger of lead and its compounds

The wide application of lead in industry and global scope of anthropogenic pollution of environment with lead result in industrial and ecologically conditioned lead exposition of significant percentage of population of the Russian Federation. Notwithstanding that carcinogenicity of lead for animals is proved long ago and data concerning its genotoxic effect is presented and particular molecular mechanisms of its biological effect are decoded the issue of carcinogenicity of lead for human being is still open. The most significant issues preventing detecting cause-and-effect relations between lead exposition and risk of development of human malignant neoplasms are incorrect choice of studied industrial populations, which industrial exposition characterized by expressed confounding-effect; binary data analysis preventing identification of dependency “dose-effect”, limiting of studying industrial populations by male professional contingents.

Selevan S.G., Landrigan P.J., Stern F.B. Mortality of lead smelter workers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1985; 122: 673-83.

Steenland K., Selevan S., Landrigan P. The mortality of lead smelter workers: an update. Am. J. Publ. Hlth. 1992; 82: 1641-4.

Wong O., Harris F. Cancer mortality study of employees at lead battery plants and lead smelters, 1947-1995. Am. J. Indastr. Med. 2000; 38: 255-70.

Adachi K., Dote T., Dote E. Strong acute toxicity, severe hepatic damage, renal injury and abnormal serum electrolytes after intravenous administration of cadmium fluoride in rats. J. Occup. Hlth. 2007; 49: 235-41.

Hu J., Mao Y. White Renal cell carcinoma and occupational exposure to chemicals in Canada. Occup. Med. (Lond.). 2002; 52: 157-64.

Il'yasova D., Schwartz G.G. Cadmium and renal cancer. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005; 207: 179-86.

Pesch B., Haerting J., Ranft U. Occupational risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: agent-specific results from a case-control study in Germany. MURC Study Group. Multicenter urothelial and renal cancer study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2000; 29: 1014-24.

Inskip P.D., Linet M.S., Heineman E.F. Etiology of brain tumors in adults. Epidemiol. Rev. 1995; 17: 382-414.

Ohgaki H., Kleihues P. Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2005; 109: 93-108.

Roy N.K., Rossman T.G. Mutagenesis and comutagenesis by lead compounds. Mutat. Res. 1992; 298: 97-103.

Hartwig A., Schlepegrell R., Beyersmann D. Indirect mechanism of lead-induced genotoxicity in cultured mammalian cells. Mutat. Res. 1990; 241: 75-82.

Lu H., Guizzetti M., Costa L.G. Inorganic lead activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase-p90(RSK) signaling pathway in human astrocytoma cells via a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2002; 300: 818-23.

Zahm S.H., Pottern L.M., Lewis D.R. Inclusion of women and minorities in occupational cancer epidemiologic research. J. Occup. Med. 1994; 36: 842-7.