FUNCTIONS AND POTENTIAL OF LIPOCALIN-2 AS FECAL BIOMARKER FOR ACUTE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)

Despite the visible progress in reducing morbidity and mortality from intestinal infections and acute diarrhea associated with them, especially in childhood, the problem of their diagnosis and treatment remains relevant. The article discusses the structure, function and application of lipocalin-2 in infectious diseases as a non-invasive biomarker of bacterial inflammation in the intestine.

United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), ‘Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2020. Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation’.United Nations Children’s Fund. New York; 2020.

GBD 2016 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 2018; 18(11): 1211–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30362-1

Shane A. L., Mody R. K., Crump J. A., Tarr P. I., SteinerT. S., Kotloff K. et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2017; 65(12): e45–e80. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix669

Christian Leli, Luigi Di Matteo, Franca Gotta, DariaVay, Valeria Cavallo, Roberta Mazzeo et al. Evaluation of a multiplex gastrointestinal PCR panel for the aetiological diagnosis of infectious diarrhea. Infectious Diseases. 2020; 52(2): 114-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2019.1688861

Shen N., Tao Y., Du B. L., & Cao Q. Molecular diagnostic practices for infectious gastroenteritis. Chinese medical journal. 2020; 133(12): 1485–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000841

Liu F., Lee S.A., Riordan S.M., Zhang Land, Zhu L. Global Studies ofUsing Fecal Biomarkers in PredictingRelapse in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Med. 2020; 7:580803. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.580803

Li D., Yan Sun W., Fu B., Xu A., & Wang Y. Lipocalin-2-The myth of its expression and function. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2020;127(2): 142–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13332

Dahl Sara Louise, Woodworth Joshua S., Lerche Christian Johann, Cramer Elisabeth Præstekjær, Nielsen Pia Rude, Moser Claus et al. Lipocalin-2 Functions as Inhibitor of Innate Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Frontiersin Immunology. 2018; 9:2717. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02717

Bonnard B., Martínez-Martínez E., Fernández-Celis A. et al. Antifibrotic effect of novel neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin inhibitors in cardiac and renal disease models. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11: 2591. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82279-0

Xia Xiao, Beng San Yeoh, Matam Vijay-Kumar. Lipocalin 2: An Emerging Player in Iron Homeostasis and Inflammation. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2017; 37 (1): 103-30.

Goetz D.H., Holmes M.A., Borregaard N., Bluhm M.E., Raymond K.N., Strong R.K. The neutrophil lipocalin NGAL is a bacteriostatic agent that interferes with siderophore-mediated iron acquisition. Molecular. cell. 2002; 10(5), 1033–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00708-6

Wang Q., Li S., Tang X., Liang L., Wang F., Du H.Lipocalin 2 Protects Against Escherichia coli Infection by Modulating Neutrophil and Macrophage Function. Frontiersin immunology. 2019; 10: 2594. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02594

Berger T., Togawa A., Duncan G. S., Elia A. J., You-Ten A., Wakeham A., Fong H. E., Cheung C. C., Mak T. W. Lipocalin 2-deficient mice exhibit increased sensitivity to Escherichia coli infection but not to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006; 103(6): 1834–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510847103

Fischbach M. A., Lin H., Zhou L., Yu Y., Abergel R. J., Liu D. R.et al. The pathogen-associated iroA gene cluster mediates bacterial evasion of lipocalin 2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006; 103(44), 16502–7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0604636103

Lathrop S. K., Binder K. A., Starr T., Cooper K. G., Chong A., CarmodyA. B., Steele-Mortimer O. Replication of Salmonella entericaSerovarTyphimurium in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. Infection and immunity. 2015; 83(7), 2661–71. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00033-15

Nairz M., Schroll A., Haschka D., Dichtl S., Sonnweber T., Theurl I.et al. Lipocalin-2 ensures host defense against Salmonella Typhimurium by controlling macrophage iron homeostasis and immune response. European journal of immunology. 2015; 45(11): 3073–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201545569

Chassaing B., Srinivasan G., Delgado M. A., Young A. N., Gewirtz A. T., Vijay-Kumar M. Fecal lipocalin 2, a sensitive and broadly dynamic non-invasive biomarker for intestinal inflammation. PloS Оne. 2012; 7(9): e44328. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044328

Thorsvik S., Damås J. K., Granlund A. V., Flo T. H., Bergh K., Østvik A. E., Sandvik A. K. Fecal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker for inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2017; 32(1): 128-35.

Vlkova E.D., Gospodinova M.D., Todorov I.T. Fecal calprotectin in the differential diagnosis of acute intestinal infections. Zhurnal infektologii. 2018;10(2):117-22. https://doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2018-10-2-117-122 (in Russian)