OCCURRENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME COMPONENTS IN NORTHERNERS

The metabolic syndrome is currently becoming more common. It is a significant public health concern as it is epidemic affecting populations in many regions of the world. In Magadan region no research has been carried out to study the frequency of components of the metabolic syndrome among northerners. This survey was performed to assess the occurrence of the main and additional components of the metabolic syndrome among 17 to 74 year old residents of the Northern region. Two hundred and forty north born Caucasians participated in the study: male subjects at their young age, working age, and retirement age, all belonging to the territory of Magadan region. We used photometric, immunochemiluminescent research methods, as well as standard methods for assessing body mass index and cardiovascular system. The metabolic syndrome factors were determined in accordance with the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), the Adult Treatment Program III (ATP III), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and the Consensus of International Experts in Cardiology and Endocrinology. We analyzed five main components of the metabolic syndrome (overweight, carbohydrate metabolic impairments hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoalphacholesterolemia) and three additional components (presence of insulin resistance, purine metabolism disorder, deficient and insufficient concentrations of vitamin D). Combinations of the components were also studied through the examined age groups. According to the ATP III, NCEP and IDF criteria, the metabolic syndrome was more common in elderly subjects (47%) than in working age (21%) or young examinees (3%). Older males tended to exhibit higher frequency of both the main and additional factors of metabolic syndrome. The total index of the occurrence of metabolic syndrome factors in the group of young men was 101%; in the group of men of working age - 180%, and in men of retirement age - 274%. The results on occurrence of the metabolic syndrome components observed in the surveyed groups of northerners can make an information data base, which we assume can be applied when planning and carrying out scientifically grounded preventive measures, which will improve subjective quality of life and its expectancy under the North conditions.

Gami A.S., Witt B.J., Howard D.E., Erwin P.J., Gami L.A., Somers V.K. et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007; 49: 403-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.032

Yanai H. Metabolic syndrome and COVID-19. Cardiol Res. 2020; 11: 360-5. https://doi.org/10.14740/cr1181

O’Neill S., O’Driscoll L. Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obes. Rev. 2015; 16:1-12, https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12229

Kaur J.A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome. Cardiol. Res. Pract. 2014; 2014: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/943162

Fonseca M.J., Gaio R., Lopes C., Santos A.C. Association between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in a sample of Portuguese adults. Nutr. J. 2012; 11: 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-64

Alberti K.G.M.M., Eckel R.H., Grundy S.M. et al. Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome / A Joint Interim statement of the International Diabetes Fed-eration taskforce on epidemiology and prevention; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Ath-erosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009; 120: 1640-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.109.192644

Matthews D.R., Hosker P., Rudenski A.S., Naylor B.A., Treacher D.F., Turner R.C. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentration in man. Diabetologia. 1985; 28: 412-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00280883

National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cho-lesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002; 106: 3143–3421. https://doi.org/10.1161/circ.106.25.3143

Grundy S.M.,Cleeman J.I., Daniels S.R., Donato K.A., Eckel R.H., Franklin B.A. et al. Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 2006; 21(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hco.0000200416.65370.a0

International Diabetes Federation. Worldwide definition of the meta-bolic syndrome. Available at https://www.idf.org/_Metasyndrome_definition.pdf Accessed August 24, 2005.

Bloomgarden Z.T. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Consensus Conference on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26:933–9. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.933

Maalouf N.M., Cameron M.A., Moe O.W., Adams-Huet B., Sakhaee K. Low urine pH: a novel feature of the metabolic syndrome. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007; 2(5): 883-8. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.00670207

Pigarova E.A., Rozhinskaya L.Y., Belaya Zh.E., Dzeranova L.K., Karonova T.L., Il’in A.V. et al. II. Russian Association of Endocrinologists recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults. Problemy endokrinologii. 2016; 4: 60-1. https://doi.org/10.14341/probl201662460-84 (in Russian)

Katsuki A. Homeostasis model assessment is a reliable indicator of insulin resistance during folow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24: 362-5. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.2.362

World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013; 310(20): 2191-4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053

Borovikov V.P. Statistica. The Art of Analyzing Data on a Computer: For Professionals. St.Petersburg: Piter; 2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60946-6_108 (in Russian)

Hagstrom E., Bergström G., Rosengren A., Brolin E.B., Brandberg J., Cederlund K. et. all Impact of body weight at age 20 and weight gain during adulthood on midlife coronary artery calcium in 15,000 men and women: an interim analysis of the Swedish cardiopulmonary bioimage study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019; 73(9): 1692, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(19)32298-3

Kobalava Zh.D., Kolesnik E.L., Troitskaya E.A Current European guidelines on arterial hypertension:new positions and unsolved issues. Clinical pharmacology and therapy. 2019; 28(2): 7-18.

Zheng Y., Ley S.H., Hu F.B. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2018; 14(2): 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.151

Borén J., Chapman M.J., Krauss R.M., Packard C.J., Bentzon J.F., Binder C.J. et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. European Heart Journal. 2020; 41(24): 2313-30. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962

D’Agostino R.B., Pencina M.J., Massaro J.M. Cardiovascular disease risk assessment: insights from Framingham. Glob. Heart. 2013; 8(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2013.01.001

Chung D.W., Chen J., Ling, M.et al. High density lipoprotein modulates thrombosis by preventing von Willebrand factor self-association and subsequent platelet adhesion. Blood. 2015; 127: 637-45. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-09-599530

Skretteberg P.T., Grytten A.N., Gjertsen K., Grundvold I., Kjeldsen S.E., Erikssen J. et al. Triglycerides-diabetes association in healthy middle-aged men: Modified by physical fitness? A long term follow-up of 1962 Norwegian men in the Oslo Ischemia Study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2013; 101(2): 201-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.06.001

Mostaza J.M., Vega G.L., Snell P., Grundy S.M. Abnormal metabolism of free fatty. J. Intern.Med. 1998; 243(4): 265-74. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.1998.00298.x

Van der Aa M.P., Knibbe C.A., Boer A., Van der M.M. Vorst Definition of insulin resistance affects prevalence rate in pediatric patients: a systematic review and call for consensus. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017; 30: 123-7. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2016-0242

Gayoso-Diz P., Otero-González A., Rodriguez-Alvarez M.X. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) cut-off values and the metabolic syndrome in a general adult population: effect of gender and age: EPIRCE cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr. Disord. 2013; 13 (1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-13-47

Lauterbach M.A., Wunderlich F.T. Macrophage function in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Pflügers Arch. 2017; 469(3–4): 385-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-017-1955-5

Xiao J., Shen C., Chu M.J., Gao Y.X., Xu G.F., Huang J.P. et al. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Associated with Components of Metabolic Syndrome among People in Rural China. PLoS One. 2016; 11(1): e0147062. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147062

Klebanova E.M., Balabolkin M.I., Kreminskaya V.M. The importance of adipose tissue and its hormones in the mechanisms of insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Klinicheskaya meditsina. 2007; 7: 20-7. (in Russian)

Ginzburg M.M., Kozupitsa G.S. Insulin resistance syndrome. Problemy endokrinologii. 1997; 1: 40-3. (in Russian)

Kaufman M., Guglin M. Uric acid in heart failure: a biomarker of therapeutic target? Heart Fail. Rev. 2013; 18: 177-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-012-9322-2

Hare J.M., Johnson R.J. Uric acid predicts clinical outcomes in heart failure: insights regarding the role of xanthine oxidase and uric acid in disease pathophysiology. Circulation. 2003; 107: 1951-3. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000066420.36123.35

Wei S.H., Lin J.D., Hsu C.H., Wu C.Z., Lian W.C., Chen Y.L., et al. Higher uric acid is associated with higher rate of metabolic syndrome in Chinese elderly. European Geriatric Medicine. 2014; 5(1): 26-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2013.10.006

Kobalava Zh.D, Troitskaya E.A. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia and risk of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Kardiologiya. 2020; 60(10): 113-21. https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2020.10.n1153 (in Russian)

Ekundayo O.J., Dell’Italia L.J., Sandersa P.W., Arnetta D., Abana I., Lovec T.E., et al. Association between hyperuricemia and incident heart failure among older adults: A propensity-matched study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2010; 142(3): 279-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.01.010

Holick M.F. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: A forgotten hormone important for health. Pubic. Health Rev. 2010; 32: 267–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03391602

Pan G.T., Guo J.F., Mei S.L., Zhang M.X., Hu Z.Y., Zhong C.K. et al. Vitamin D deficiency in relation to the risk of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo). 2016; 62: 213-9. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.62.213

Kaseb F., Haghighyfard K., Salami M.S., Ghadiri-Anari A. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and markers of metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese adults. Acta Med. Iran. 2017; 55: 399-403.

Mansouri M., Abasi R., Nasiri M., Sharifi F., Vesaly S., Sadeghi O. et al. Association of vitamin D status with metabolic syndrome and its components: A cross-sectional study in a population of high educated Iranian adults. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2018; 12(1): 393-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.01.007

Dawson-Hughes B., Staten M.A., Knowler W.C., Nelson J., Vickery E.M., LeBlanc E.S. et al. Intratrial exposure to vitamin D and new-onset diabetes among adults with prediabetes: a secondary analysis from the vitamin D and type 2 diabetes (D2d) study.Diabetes Care. 2020; 43: 2916-22. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1765

Oliveira M.A., Faerstein E., Koury J.C., Pereira-Manfro W.F., Milagres L.G., Neto J.F.N et al. Vitamin D is directly associated with favorable glycemic, lipid, and inflammatory profiles in individuals with at least one component of metabolic syndrome irrespective of total adiposity: Pró-Saúde Study, Brazil. Nutrition Research. 2021; 96: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2021.10.002