Перинатальный инсульт: моделирование и возможности нейровизуализации

Перинатальный инсульт (ПИ), характеризующийся внезапным исчезновением или нарушением мозговых функций, является социально значимой формой патологии, приводящей к смерти и/или инвалидизации детей. В зависимости от объёма поражения мозга тяжесть последствий ПИ варьирует от незначительного отставания в обучении до пожизненной инвалидизации и неспособности самостоятельно обеспечивать естественные потребности. Самыми частыми осложнениями ПИ являются детский церебральный паралич и эпилепсия. Поскольку возможности диагностики и терапии в остром периоде ПИ крайне ограничены, необходимо совершенствование реабилитации таких пациентов. В обзоре представлены современные методы моделирования ПИ в различных экспериментальных условиях. Моделирование ПИ непрерывно совершенствуется, создаются новые способы формирования ишемических повреждений мозга для разработки научных критериев их ранней диагностики и прогнозирования исходов. Особое место в диагностике ишемических повреждений мозга занимает широкопольная оптическая визуализация, которая позволяет определять формирование нейронных сетей и функциональных карт коры развивающегося мозга, обеспечивает возможность анализировать пространственно-временную активность нейронов на больших участках коры головного мозга и процессы восстановления функций коры в посттравматический период. С появлением генетически кодируемых белков - сенсоров ионов и технологий получения трансгенных линий животных, которые специфично экспрессируют сенсоры непосредственно в нейронах, созданы возможности для оптической регистрации нейронной активности посредством анализа изменений спонтанной активности кальциевых сигналов и других механизмов, что позволяет на новом уровне изучать нейропластичность мозга и создавать новые пути коррекции ишемических повреждений мозга.

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