ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ГЕНДЕРНОЙ ИДЕОЛОГИИ МОЛОДЕЖИ: ОБЗОР ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ РАБОТ

В статье представлены результаты зарубежных исследований гендерной идеологии студентов по ряду значимых социально-демографических переменных. В первой части анализируются работы, в которых описывается динамика гендерной идеологии в разных странах. В процессе модернизации Восточной Азии (Китай, Тайвань, Южная Корея, Япония), Индии, Индонезии по мере вовлечения женщин в работу вне дома социологи фиксируют тенденцию эгалитаризации отношений между полами, распространение семей с двумя добытчиками. В переходный период от социалистических к либеральным государствам в странах Восточной Европы влияние религиозных консервативных семейных ценностей на сознание молодежи менее значимо, нежели западных идей индивидуализации и вседозволенности. В развитых странах (США, Европа, Австралия, Канада) гендерная революция привела к многообразию гендерных идеологий. По крайней мере в Европейских странах эмпирически фиксируется пять моделей: эгалитарная, эгалитарного эссенциализма, интенсивного (intensive) родительства, умеренно консервативная идеология, консервативная идеология. Во второй части статьи анализ исследований установок студентов в сферах гендерных и брачно-семейных отношений в разных странах выявил, что основными дифференцирующими переменными являются пол и религиозная идентичность. Другие характеристики (городское-сельское происхождение, структура родительской семьи, совместное-раздельное обучение) менее значимы. Установки молодежи на социальные роли мужчин и женщин и будущий брак меняются под воздействием сверстников, массовой культуры и собственного опыта. В статье сделан вывод о том, что, несмотря на более консервативные установки юношей практически во всех странах, происходит медленная конвергенция взглядов юношей и девушек среди образованных слоев. Основным дифференцирующим фактором остается религиозная принадлежность.

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